New horizons for organoboron and organosilicon chemistry with triple elementalization

In recent years, organic chemicals containing boron (B) and silicon (Si) have found applications in various fields, including optoelectronics and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, they can also serve as building blocks for complex organic chemicals. As a result, scientists are actively looking for new ways to leverage these versatile chemical tools as well as produce more kinds of organosilicon and organoboron compounds.

One limitation of the synthesis methods currently available for these chemicals is that we cannot introduce multiple B- and Si-containing groups in aromatic nitrogen heterocycles, i.e., carbon rings in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom. If we could produce and freely transform such molecules, it would unlock the synthesis of several compounds relevant in medicinal chemistry.

Fortunately, a research team including Assistant Professor Yuki Nagashima from Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), Japan has found a straightforward way around this limitation. As explained in their most recent study published in Nature Communications, the team has developed a method that allows them to modify quinolines, small organic molecules with an aromatic nitrogen heterocycle, with B-, Si-, and carbon-containing groups simultaneously.

Their approach begins with a quinoline or a quinoline derivative that reacts with an organolithium compound with the desired carbon group. This carbon group attaches itself at one of the carbon sites of the nitrogen heterocycle. Then, a single compound containing the Si and B groups joined by an Si-B bond is introduced. This compound replaces the lithium atom and attaches itself through the B group at the nitrogen site.

Finally, by stimulating and eventually breaking the Si-B bond with blue light, the B and Si groups reorganize in a predictable fashion, attaching themselves at different locations within the nitrogen heterocycle. This, in turn, yields a triple hetero-elementalized (carbo-sila-boration) quinoline derivative as the final product.

The team tested their synthesis approach to produce over 30 quinoline derivatives, some of which were produced in high yields. Most notably, the proposed method provided excellent stereo-, chemo-, and regio-selectivity, meaning that the reaction produced the desired compound with high specificity. To top it off, the process was "one-pot" and required only visible light as the additive, greatly reducing the associated costs and time.

Through various experiments and detailed computational analysis, the team further revealed the mechanism at play behind their approach. "Based on our calculations and experimental results, we conclude that the on-site generation of silyl radical species—rather than silyl anions—upon light irradiation facilitates the overall triple hetero-elementalization reaction," explains Dr. Nagashima. The insight will surely prove important for future chemists seeking to develop new synthesis methodologies based on this technique.

Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the team tested a particular hetero-elementalized quinoline as a scaffold for the synthesis of organic compounds. Put simply, they tested how easily one could replace the Si and B groups with arbitrary functional groups, such as -OH, methyl, and phenyl groups. The results were promising. Dr. Nagashima say, "Although chemo- and stereoselective transformations of Si-B groups are still under study, we believe the carbo-sila-borated quinolines could become versatile synthesis platforms."