Quantum vortex formation in the lab

Quantized vortices can be generated in classical experiments of liquid helium and ultracold dilute gases to conduct fundamental and comparative studies of different superfluids. In a new report published in Science Advances, Ivan Gnusov and a research team in photonics and physics in the U.K., Russia and Iceland developed a "rotating bucket" experiment to optically contain the quantum fluid of light.

The experiments depended on exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensates within the semiconductor microcavity. The team used the beating note of two frequency stabilized single-mode lasers and generated an asymmetric time-periodic rotating non-resonant excitation profile. They then studied the dependence of the rotation frequency to reveal a range of stirring frequencies that favored quantized vortex formation. The outcomes can facilitate the study of polariton superfluidity to understand the role of optics on structured nonlinear light.

The 'rotating bucket' experiment

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) in optical vorticity is essential to encode and process optical information; the phenomenon has led to the development of microlasing devices. Optical vortices markedly differ from conventional vortices seen within interacting fluids. For instance, conventional vortices are abundantly found in nature, ranging from enormous vortex storms within the gas belts of Jupiter to the tiny micron-scale quantum vortices in macroscopic quantum systems such as superconductors, superfluids and Bose-Einstein condensates. While optical vortices are geometric in origin, the vortices in superfluids and Bose-Einstein condensates are thought of as topological defects.

Despite significant advances in the field of polaritonics, researchers have yet to understand vortex formation in a stirred polariton condensate or a "rotating bucket" experiment with liquid helium or diluted quantum gases. To generate the phenomenon, physicists used external electric fields or magnetic fields. In this work, Gnusov and colleagues shaped the rotating bucket experiment in a polariton condensate or bosonic quasiparticles that exist inside semiconductor microcavities by using a cylindrically asymmetric optical device. They then formed an excitation pattern by beating the note of two frequency detuned single-mode lasers of opposite orbital angular momentum to form a composite beam.

The pumping configuration in the rotating bucket experiment and numerical modeling

During the experiments, the team optically injected the polariton condensate into an inorganic microcavity containing Bragg reflectors with quantum wells embedded within the intracavity optical field. They then held the sample in a cold-finger cryostat at 4 K. Thereafter, the team superimposed two spatially modulated lasers on a non-polarizing beam-splitter to form a rotating dumbbell-shaped excitation pattern, where the direction and frequency of the rotation were derived from a preceding study.

For zero-frequency detuning between the two lasers, the team noted the formation of a static dumb-bell shaped hot exciton reservoir to partially contain polaritons within the excitation profile due to the repulsive interaction between excitons and polaritons. They quantitatively reproduced the results via numerical modeling by using a generalized 2D Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The competition between the gain and losses resulted in a quantum vortex that co-rotated with the exciton reservoir. Aside from the capacity to reproduce the formation of quantum vortices in rotating polariton fluids, the structured light sources with regulated charge offered applications in classical and quantum communications.

Frequency-dependent quantum vortex formation

Gnusov and colleagues were primarily interested in the dynamics of the rotating bucket experiment relative to its dependence on the corresponding frequency during quantum vortex formation. By tuning the rotation frequency of the excitation pattern with a diameter of 14 μm, the team observed quantum vortex formation between 1 and 4 GHz.

The scientists recorded the interface for each frequency and extracted the real-space phase distribution for 100 "single-shot" realizations. They then developed a vortex sorting algorithm to differentiate the quantum vortex states during the experiment. Yet again, the team integrated numerical simulations to quantitatively confirm the experimental observations and quantum vortices as a function of rotation frequency.

Outlook

In this way, Ivan Gnusov and colleagues studied quantum vortex formation in ultracold quantum gasses and liquid helium to understand the fascinating fundamental and comparative studies of superfluids. The team realized the formation of quantum vortex states in the lab via the rotating bucket experiment based on Bose-Einstein condensates of polaritons. The underlying physics of the polariton shifts required stirring frequencies in the gigahertz range.

Due to the existing capacity to rapidly create extended polariton networks, this method will enable researchers to engineer of vortex arrays and study the complex interplay of polarization, orbital angular momentum and linear momentum degrees of freedom in large-scale driven-dissipative quantum fluids. The experimental demonstrations provide a source of optical vortices to empower applications in classical and quantum computing with potential to examine the transport of quantum fluids.