DNA sequencing is a set of laboratory methods for determining the precise linear order of nucleotides (A, C, G, T) in a DNA molecule. Core methodological classes include Sanger sequencing, which uses chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides and capillary electrophoresis for high-fidelity, low-throughput analysis, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms, which employ massively parallel sequencing-by-synthesis, sequencing-by-ligation, or nanopore-based readout for high-throughput, genome-scale applications. These methods entail library preparation, clonal or single-molecule amplification (except in true single-molecule approaches), signal detection, and computational base-calling, followed by quality control and downstream bioinformatic analysis.
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