Watershed management, as a method, comprises integrated planning, implementation, and monitoring practices aimed at regulating hydrological processes and land–water interactions within a defined drainage basin to optimize ecosystem services and reduce degradation. Methodologically, it combines hydrological modeling, land-use planning, soil and water conservation measures (e.g., contour bunding, terracing, riparian buffers), and structural interventions such as check dams and retention basins. It employs participatory approaches and adaptive management, guided by quantitative indicators (runoff, sediment yield, nutrient loads, ecological status) to control erosion, enhance infiltration, stabilize streamflows, and maintain water quality within the watershed system.
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