Toxic radionuclide contamination refers to the presence of radioactive isotopes in environmental or biological systems at concentrations that pose significant radiological and chemical hazards. It encompasses alpha-, beta-, and gamma-emitting nuclides that can irradiate tissues externally or following internalization via inhalation, ingestion, or wound uptake. Scientifically, it is characterized by radionuclide identity, speciation, activity concentration, half-life, and biokinetics, which together determine dose coefficients and long-term risk. Research on this topic addresses source terms, transport and retention in soils, waters, and biota, dose assessment, radiotoxicology, and development of remediation, immobilization, and monitoring strategies under regulatory radioprotection frameworks.
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