Terahertz techniques encompass a set of experimental and analytical methods that generate, manipulate, and detect electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz (THz) frequency range, typically 0.1–10 THz, for probing material properties and dynamical processes. Core approaches include time-domain spectroscopy using ultrafast lasers and nonlinear crystals or photoconductive antennas, frequency-domain spectroscopy with continuous-wave THz sources, and imaging modalities exploiting THz transmission, reflection, or near-field interactions. These techniques enable characterization of low-energy excitations, carrier dynamics, vibrational and rotational modes, and dielectric responses in solids, liquids, gases, and biological tissues, often with depth resolution and spectroscopic contrast.
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