Strongly correlated systems are physical systems in which electron–electron (or more generally particle–particle) interactions are comparable to or larger than their kinetic energy, invalidating independent-particle or mean-field descriptions. In such systems, many-body effects dominate, leading to emergent phenomena such as Mott insulating behavior, unconventional superconductivity, non-Fermi-liquid states, heavy-fermion behavior, and complex magnetic orders. Their theoretical treatment typically requires beyond-perturbative methods, including dynamical mean-field theory, quantum Monte Carlo, tensor-network approaches, and exact diagonalization. Strong correlations are central in materials such as transition-metal oxides, cuprates, organics, and ultra-cold atomic gases engineered to simulate lattice models like the Hubbard or t–J models.
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