Sound wave techniques are experimental and analytical methods that generate, manipulate, and detect acoustic waves to probe, image, or modify materials and systems. In research, they encompass ultrasound imaging, acoustic microscopy, non-destructive evaluation via bulk and surface acoustic waves, and acoustic spectroscopy for characterizing elastic, viscoelastic, or porous media. These techniques exploit frequency-dependent propagation, reflection, refraction, scattering, attenuation, and mode conversion of longitudinal and shear waves. They are implemented using piezoelectric transducers or laser-based sources and detectors, and are used to measure mechanical properties, detect defects, monitor processes, and study wave–matter interactions across solid, liquid, and gaseous environments.
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