Sinkhole formation refers to geologically governed processes that create closed depressions in the Earth’s surface, primarily in soluble rock terrains such as limestone, dolomite, or gypsum (karst environments). It occurs via subsurface dissolution of bedrock by percolating groundwater, leading to void development and progressive loss of structural support for overlying materials. Mechanisms include cover-subsidence (gradual settling of unconsolidated overburden into cavities) and cover-collapse (abrupt failure of cohesive overburden when cavity roofs exceed strength thresholds). Sinkhole formation is controlled by lithology, fracture and bedding networks, hydraulic gradients, recharge dynamics, and anthropogenic perturbations to groundwater levels or loading.
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