Secondary cosmic rays constitute a research area focused on particles and electromagnetic radiation produced by the interactions of primary cosmic rays with interstellar matter, planetary atmospheres, or detector materials. This field investigates the generation, composition, energy spectra, and transport of secondary particles such as muons, pions, electrons, positrons, neutrons, and gamma rays, as well as their role in atmospheric cascades and air showers. Research emphasizes modeling hadronic and electromagnetic cascades, validating interaction cross sections, and interpreting ground- and space-based observations to constrain primary cosmic-ray properties, propagation models, and their impact on planetary environments and detector backgrounds.
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