Pressure techniques are experimental methods that apply controlled hydrostatic or uniaxial pressure to a sample to modify and probe its structural, electronic, magnetic, or thermodynamic properties. Implemented using devices such as diamond anvil cells, piston-cylinder cells, or multi-anvil presses, these techniques can generate pressures from fractions of a gigapascal to several hundred gigapascals. They are commonly coupled with in situ probes (e.g., X-ray diffraction, Raman/IR spectroscopy, electrical transport, or neutron scattering) to study phase transitions, equation-of-state behavior, bonding changes, and reaction pathways under extreme conditions relevant to condensed matter physics, materials science, and geoscience.
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