Power generation water use refers to the quantities, pathways, and impacts of freshwater withdrawal and consumption associated with electricity production across technologies such as thermoelectric (fossil, nuclear, biomass), hydroelectric, and some renewable systems. It encompasses cooling water intake and discharge, evaporation from reservoirs and cooling systems, and process water for fuel extraction and processing. Research on this topic quantifies water intensity (e.g., liters per kilowatt-hour), assesses regional water stress implications, evaluates trade-offs between energy portfolios and water availability, and informs technology choice, cooling system design, and policy for integrated water–energy resource management.
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