The Permian is a geologic period of the Paleozoic Era spanning approximately 299–252 million years ago, characterized by the assembly and dominance of the supercontinent Pangaea and associated climatic aridification and continental interior environments. It encompasses several globally recognized stages (e.g., Cisuralian, Guadalupian, Lopingian) defined by biostratigraphic markers and radiometric constraints. The Permian is notable for major evolutionary radiations and reorganizations of terrestrial and marine biotas, including diversification of amniotes, as well as progressive decline of many Paleozoic marine invertebrate groups, culminating in the end-Permian mass extinction that marks the boundary with the Triassic.
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