Particle-beam sources are physical systems designed to generate, accelerate, and condition beams of charged or neutral particles with controlled energy, intensity, emittance, and time structure for use in accelerators and experimental setups. They typically comprise a particle production mechanism (e.g., thermionic, photoemissive, plasma, or ionization sources), extraction electrodes, and initial acceleration stages, often followed by beam transport and focusing elements. Key performance parameters include current density, brightness, energy spread, species purity, and stability. Particle-beam sources are engineered to match specific injector requirements for downstream accelerator lattices, enabling precise control of beam phase space and temporal characteristics for applications in high-energy physics, materials science, and medical systems.
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