Nerve regeneration is the biological process by which damaged neurons or their axons restore structural integrity and functional connectivity after injury, predominantly in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It involves Wallerian degeneration of the distal axon segment, clearance of myelin and debris by Schwann cells and macrophages, formation of Bands of Büngner by Schwann cells, and guided axonal sprouting from the proximal stump toward target tissues. This process is regulated by intrinsic neuronal growth programs, neurotrophic factors, cell-adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix components, and is markedly limited in the central nervous system due to inhibitory myelin-associated molecules and a non-permissive glial scar environment.
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