Multi-organism systems, as a physical system, comprise interacting biological entities from one or multiple species that collectively exhibit emergent properties not attributable to individual organisms alone. These systems encompass microbial consortia, host–microbiome assemblages, plant–pollinator networks, and multi-species communities structured by trophic, competitive, mutualistic, or parasitic interactions. They are characterized by spatial organization, fluxes of matter and energy, and regulatory feedbacks across multiple scales, often modeled using network theory, dynamical systems, and statistical mechanics. In research, multi-organism systems provide a framework for analyzing community stability, resilience, coevolutionary dynamics, and ecosystem-level functions such as nutrient cycling, productivity, and biogeochemical regulation.
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