Mining water use refers to the spectrum of water withdrawals, consumption, and discharge associated with mineral extraction and processing operations, including open-pit, underground, and placer mining, as well as mineral beneficiation and tailings management. Scientifically, it encompasses process water for ore crushing, grinding, flotation, leaching, dust suppression, and slurry transport, plus groundwater dewatering and cooling needs. Quantification focuses on water balances, specific water-use intensities (e.g., m³ per tonne of ore or product), and water quality changes such as increased salinity, metal loads, and acidity. Research addresses efficiency improvements, closed-loop recycling, alternative water sources, and impacts on hydrological regimes and aquatic ecosystems.
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