Mining and quarrying are extractive industry topics encompassing the systematic removal of geological materials from the Earth’s crust for subsequent processing and use. Mining generally targets ore bodies, coal seams, or other mineral deposits via surface or underground methods, involving exploration, resource estimation, drilling, blasting, loading, and haulage, often followed by crushing, grinding, and beneficiation. Quarrying focuses on the extraction of dimension stone, aggregates, limestone, and similar bulk materials, typically via open-pit operations with controlled blasting and mechanical excavation. Research on these topics addresses geotechnical stability, resource modeling, environmental impacts, mine planning and optimization, and occupational health and safety.
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