Mine waste refers to the solid and liquid residues generated during mineral exploration, extraction, beneficiation, and refining, including waste rock, tailings, slag, and process effluents. As a research topic, it encompasses the characterization of mineralogical and geochemical composition, contaminant speciation and mobility (e.g., metals, metalloids, acid mine drainage), and physical behavior such as stability and erosion. Studies focus on environmental impacts on soil, water, and biota, risk assessment, and development of mitigation and remediation strategies, including covers, treatment systems, and valorization or reuse approaches within circular economy and sustainable mining frameworks.
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