Methods in magnetism comprise experimental and computational techniques used to generate, measure, and analyze magnetic fields and magnetic properties of materials across length and time scales. Core methods include magnetometry (e.g., SQUID, vibrating sample, and alternating gradient magnetometers) for determining magnetization, susceptibility, and hysteresis; magnetic resonance techniques (NMR, ESR/EPR, FMR) for probing spin dynamics and local magnetic environments; and scattering and microscopy methods (neutron scattering, Lorentz TEM, MFM, XMCD-PEEM) for resolving magnetic structures and domains. Complementary approaches involve micromagnetic and first-principles simulations to model spin configurations, exchange interactions, and magnetization dynamics under external fields and temperature variations.
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