Marine geophysics is the branch of geophysical sciences that investigates the structure, composition, and physical processes of the seafloor, sub-seafloor, and overlying water column using quantitative physical methods. It employs techniques such as seismic reflection and refraction, gravity and magnetic surveys, electromagnetic methods, and sonar-based bathymetry to image crustal architecture, map tectonic features, characterize sedimentary basins, and quantify magmatic and hydrothermal systems. Marine geophysics provides essential constraints on plate tectonics, oceanic crust formation, subduction processes, and fluid flow in marine environments, and it underpins resource assessment, geohazard evaluation, and models of lithosphere–asthenosphere dynamics beneath the oceans.
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