Marine geology is the branch of Earth sciences that investigates the composition, structure, and evolution of the ocean basins and continental margins, integrating methods from sedimentology, geophysics, geochemistry, and tectonics. It examines processes such as seafloor spreading, subduction, sediment transport and deposition, volcanic and hydrothermal activity, and the formation of features like mid-ocean ridges, trenches, seamounts, and passive margins. Marine geological research relies heavily on seismic reflection profiling, coring, dredging, and remote sensing to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions, quantify sediment budgets, and constrain models of plate boundary dynamics and crust–mantle interactions beneath the oceans.
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