Laboratory experiments are controlled empirical methods conducted in artificial or semi-artificial settings to isolate, manipulate, and measure specific variables under reproducible conditions. They typically involve systematic variation of one or more independent variables while holding extraneous factors constant, enabling causal inference about their effects on dependent variables. Experimental designs may include control groups, randomization, blinding, and standardized protocols to minimize bias and confounding. Laboratory experiments are widely used across natural and social sciences to test hypotheses, validate theoretical models, calibrate instruments, and generate high-precision data, often serving as a precursor to field studies or in vivo applications where environmental control is more limited.
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