Invertebrate zoology is a subdiscipline of zoology focused on the biology of animals lacking a vertebral column, encompassing the vast majority of animal diversity across numerous phyla such as Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Cnidaria, and Echinodermata. It investigates morphological organization, developmental processes, phylogenetic relationships, functional anatomy, physiology, behavior, and ecological interactions of invertebrates. Research in this field often integrates comparative and evolutionary approaches, including systematics, genomics, and developmental biology, to elucidate patterns of body plan diversification, adaptation, and speciation, and to clarify the evolutionary relationships within and among major invertebrate lineages.
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