Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a near-surface geophysical method that transmits high-frequency electromagnetic pulses (typically 10 MHz–2.5 GHz) into the subsurface and records the reflected signals from interfaces with contrasting dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity. The data are acquired with a transmitting and receiving antenna, usually in common-offset or multi-offset configurations, and processed using time-zero correction, dewow filtering, gain functions, migration, and time-to-depth conversion based on estimated wave velocity. GPR is used to image stratigraphy, voids, utilities, and other subsurface structures with decimeter to centimeter resolution, with performance strongly controlled by soil moisture, clay content, and signal attenuation.
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