Geothermal resources are subsurface accumulations of thermal energy stored in rocks and fluids of the Earth’s crust that can be technically accessed and potentially exploited for heat or power generation. They are characterized by temperature, depth, permeability, fluid content, and enthalpy, and include hydrothermal systems, enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), and superhot or petrothermal resources. Scientific assessment of geothermal resources involves heat-flow measurements, geophysical imaging, geochemical analysis of fluids, and numerical reservoir modeling to estimate accessible thermal energy, sustainable production rates, and impacts such as induced seismicity, reservoir cooling, and fluid–rock interaction under varying geological and tectonic settings.
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