Geospatial analysis is a collection of quantitative and computational methods for examining data that are explicitly referenced in geographic space, typically using coordinate-based representations such as vector (points, lines, polygons) and raster (grids) models. It encompasses spatial statistics, spatial autocorrelation assessment, geostatistics (e.g., kriging), network and proximity analysis, spatial interpolation, and spatial-temporal modeling, often implemented within Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial databases. These methods exploit spatial relationships—distance, adjacency, containment, and topology—to detect patterns, model processes, and support inference and prediction across domains such as environmental science, epidemiology, transportation, and urban planning.
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