Gamma-ray techniques encompass experimental and analytical methods that utilize high-energy photons, typically above 100 keV, to probe nuclear structure, material composition, and high-energy processes. These techniques include gamma-ray spectroscopy for resolving discrete nuclear energy levels via high-purity germanium or scintillation detectors, gamma radiography and tomography for non-destructive internal imaging based on differential attenuation, and activation analysis where induced radioactivity quantifies elemental concentrations. They rely on well-characterized interactions such as photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and pair production, and often require precise energy calibration, shielding, coincidence measurements, and advanced signal processing to achieve high resolution, sensitivity, and isotopic selectivity.
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