Evaporation is a phase transition in which molecules at the surface of a liquid acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces and escape into the gas phase, occurring at temperatures below the liquid’s boiling point. It is governed by factors such as temperature, vapor pressure gradients, relative humidity, surface area, and airflow, and is often described quantitatively using mass-transfer models like Fick’s law or bulk aerodynamic formulations. In research, evaporation plays a central role in hydrology, climate and energy balance studies, industrial drying processes, and surface-atmosphere exchange modeling, influencing latent heat fluxes and boundary-layer dynamics.
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