Earthquake preparedness methods comprise systematic measures designed to reduce seismic risk and enhance resilience before, during, and immediately after earthquake events. They include hazard and vulnerability assessment, development and enforcement of seismic building codes, retrofitting of existing structures, and implementation of early warning systems and shutoff mechanisms for critical lifelines. Preparedness also involves planning and exercising evacuation, triage, and emergency response protocols; stockpiling medical and survival supplies; establishing communication redundancies; and public training in drop‑cover‑hold and first aid. At a systems level, preparedness methods integrate land-use planning, critical infrastructure protection, continuity-of-operations planning, and community-based risk communication within an all-hazards emergency management framework.
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