Cosmology is a research area in astrophysics that investigates the large-scale properties, origin, composition, and dynamical evolution of the Universe as a whole. It integrates general relativity, quantum field theory, and observational astronomy to construct and test models such as the ΛCDM paradigm, characterized by dark energy, cold dark matter, and baryonic matter. Cosmology addresses the expansion history, cosmic microwave background anisotropies, structure formation, and primordial nucleosynthesis, using data from galaxy surveys, gravitational lensing, supernovae, and cosmic background experiments to constrain fundamental parameters and probe physics at energy scales inaccessible to terrestrial laboratories.
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