Cosmic ray and astroparticle detectors comprise experimental techniques and instrumentation designed to measure high-energy particles and radiation originating from space, including charged cosmic rays, gamma rays, neutrinos, and, indirectly, dark matter candidates. Detection methods exploit diverse physical processes such as ionization (gas chambers, silicon trackers), scintillation (organic and inorganic scintillators), Cherenkov radiation (water/ice Cherenkov, air Cherenkov telescopes), and calorimetry (electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters), often combined in hybrid observatories. These techniques enable reconstruction of particle energy, charge, direction, and composition, support studies of extensive air showers, and underpin astroparticle physics investigations of cosmic accelerators, fundamental interactions at extreme energies, and the high-energy universe’s particle and radiation fields.
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