Complex media, as a physical system, denotes heterogeneous materials or environments in which wave or particle propagation is governed by multiple scattering, strong spatial disorder, or intricate internal structure across several length and time scales. Examples include disordered photonic materials, turbid biological tissues, granular packings, porous media, and metamaterials with engineered subwavelength structure. In such media, transport properties deviate from simple diffusion or ballistic regimes, often exhibiting localization, anomalous diffusion, nontrivial effective constitutive relations, and strong coupling between microstructure and macroscopic response, requiring statistical, mesoscopic, or computational approaches for accurate characterization and prediction.
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