Classical fluids, as a physical system, are collections of particles (atoms or molecules) whose macroscopic behavior is accurately described by classical mechanics and continuum hypotheses, neglecting quantum and relativistic effects. They are modeled by fields such as velocity, pressure, and density that satisfy the Navier–Stokes or Euler equations, depending on viscosity. Classical fluids encompass both liquids and gases in regimes where mean free paths and de Broglie wavelengths are small compared with system scales, enabling thermodynamic and hydrodynamic descriptions, including transport phenomena (viscosity, thermal conductivity, diffusion) and flow regimes characterized by dimensionless numbers like Reynolds and Mach numbers.
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