Camera calibration methods estimate the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of an imaging system to accurately relate 3D scene geometry to 2D image measurements. Intrinsics typically include focal lengths, principal point coordinates, skew, and lens distortion coefficients (e.g., radial and tangential), while extrinsics describe the camera pose as rotation and translation in a world coordinate frame. Calibration procedures often use images of known geometric patterns (such as planar checkerboards or 3D calibration rigs) and solve a nonlinear optimization problem, commonly via maximum likelihood or bundle adjustment, to minimize reprojection error and yield a consistent camera model for metric measurements and geometric reconstruction.
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