Brackish water is an aqueous solution characterized by intermediate salinity between freshwater and seawater, typically ranging from about 0.5 to 30 practical salinity units (PSU), corresponding roughly to 0.5–30 g of dissolved salts per liter. Its ionic composition is usually dominated by sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate, and calcium ions, though proportions can deviate from standard seawater due to fluvial inputs, groundwater discharge, or anthropogenic contamination. Brackish water commonly occurs in estuaries, coastal aquifers, and mixing zones, and its physicochemical properties, including density, osmotic pressure, and electrical conductivity, strongly influence geochemical reactions, corrosion behavior, membrane separation performance, and biological tolerance limits in environmental and engineering contexts.
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