Bone remodeling is a continuous biological process in which old or damaged bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced with newly formed bone synthesized by osteoblasts, maintaining skeletal integrity and mineral homeostasis. It proceeds through tightly regulated phases: activation of remodeling units, osteoclastic resorption of mineralized matrix, reversal with mononuclear cell activity, and osteoblastic formation and mineralization. The process is controlled by systemic hormones (e.g., parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, sex steroids) and local cytokines and growth factors (e.g., RANKL, OPG, TGF-β), and is sensitive to mechanical loading, thereby allowing adaptive modification of bone architecture in response to functional demands.
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