Symbiosis, as a biological process, refers to the sustained and often co-evolved interaction between individuals of different species, encompassing mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It involves reciprocal physiological, metabolic, or ecological influences that can alter fitness, resource use, and niche breadth of the partners. Mechanistically, symbioses may include nutrient exchange (e.g., metabolites, fixed nitrogen, photosynthate), protection from predators or stress, and coordinated signaling pathways (such as molecular recognition via surface receptors). These interactions can drive genomic adaptations, including gene gain, loss, or transfer, and can structure communities and ecosystems by modifying energy flow, biogeochemical cycles, and coevolutionary dynamics.
Science never stops. Get notified about trending stories.
