Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms, including finfish, shellfish, crustaceans, and aquatic plants, in marine, brackish, or freshwater environments for food production, stock enhancement, or research. It encompasses a range of production systems (e.g., ponds, recirculating aquaculture systems, net pens, raceways, and integrated multi-trophic systems) and relies on precise management of water quality, nutrition, genetics, health, and environmental interactions. Research in aquaculture focuses on optimizing growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, disease resistance, reproduction, welfare, and sustainability, as well as minimizing ecological impacts such as nutrient loading, escapees, and pathogen transmission to wild populations.
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