Accelerator subsystems are the distinct, functionally specialized physical systems that collectively enable the generation, manipulation, acceleration, guidance, and delivery of charged particle beams in particle accelerators. Typical subsystems include the injector and source assemblies, radio-frequency (RF) accelerating structures, magnet lattices (dipoles, quadrupoles, higher-order multipoles), vacuum systems, beam diagnostics and instrumentation, power supplies, cooling and cryogenic infrastructure, radiation shielding, and control systems. Each subsystem exhibits tightly constrained electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties, and their integrated performance determines beam quality parameters such as emittance, energy spread, luminosity, and stability in research, medical, and industrial accelerator facilities.
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