Geothermal heating system draws on limitless fuel: sewage

Among the many renewable energy sources - wind, solar, hydroelectric, biofuels - there is one to which we all contribute that has not yet managed to attract the romantic advocates who have embraced other forms of green energy.

We're speaking about the gray river of warmth flowing right beneath our feet: sewage.

A Philadelphia company, NovaThermal Energy LLC, wants to heat and cool buildings by tapping into the constant, guaranteed heat contained in wastewater. The process is called sewage geothermal.

"It's just like geothermal energy, but we're using a different well source, so to speak," said Elinor Haider, NovaThermal's chief executive.

Public officials cut the ribbon last week on NovaThermal's first project, a pilot plant at Philadelphia's Southeast Wastewater Treatment Plant, near the Walt Whitman Bridge. NovaThermal is planning to install a second, commercial-sized project later this year at a sewage-treatment plant in Camden, N.J.

Haider said the initial projects are located at treatment plants only because they are public buildings with abundant sources of wastewater. But, she added, the company plans to market its patented Chinese technology to any large building located near a major sewer trunk line that contains a steady flow of wastewater still warm from its previous use.

In China, where the technology was pioneered, several large buildings have successfully employed the technology for heating and air conditioning, including a hotel and a 1 million-square-foot train station in Beijing and a 450,000-square-foot high-rise apartment building in Tianjin, China's third-largest city.

Wastewater picks up heat from a number of sources, including dishwashers, showers and industrial processes, said Jimmy W. Wang, NovaThermal's chief engineer. There's also the "biomatter" that still contains heat, Wang said during a visit to the project last week, although he used more scatalogical terminology.

During the winter, sewage is about 60 degrees, and in summer it can exceed 75 degrees. That's plenty of energy that can be extracted through a conventional heat pump.

Haider said the technology is more efficient and cost-effective than traditional geothermal systems, in which deep water wells are drilled into the bedrock to capture heat from the earth.

The Philadelphia pilot project, which is funded by a $150,000 federal stimulus grant, is expected to reduce energy costs 40 percent, she said. It is expected to pay itself off in eight years, though full-scale projects would have a quicker return on investment.

But sewage geothermal has some image challenges. Haider said she must remind squeamish prospects that their buildings already contain sewer systems, so piping the stuff in for a quick passage through a heat pump is no big deal.

For Haider, a mother of three and a former city development official with an MBA from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, her current line of work is the source of some interesting conversations.

"There's a lot of potty talk at my family table," she said.

NovaThermal is not the only company marketing a sewage-geothermal process. A Swiss company, Rabtherm Energy Systems AG, is promoting a patented idea that involves piping water through a network of embedded tubes inside concrete sewer mains. The water captures heat from passing wastewater.

Rabtherm's process involves replacing public sewer mains. NovaThermal's technology taps into existing sewer lines and diverts some flow into a heat exchanger.

"The competitiveness that we offer, on the cost side of the things, is that we're using infrastructure that's already in the ground," Haider said.

NovaThermal's process was developed by Jin Da Di Energy Engineering and Technology Co. Ltd. in Tianjin. "It's very unusual to see Chinese technology transfer this direction," she said. "Usually, it's reversed."

Wang, NovaThermal's chief engineer, managed public water projects, including construction of a 150-mile canal to deliver fresh water to Tianjin's 12 million residents, before he was recruited to help sell the sewage-geothermal process outside China.

The critical, proprietary part of the NovaThermal process is a device that filters the sewage before it flows through the heat pump, removing larger debris that might damage the pump. Chinese translators labeled the cylindrical device the "Anti-Block Machine."

The machine automatically squirts a quarter-inch screen with jets of water to prevent buildup of "dirt and filth material," according to the patent information filed with the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Last week, Matt Moses, building supervisor of the Southeast Wastewater plant, surveyed the machinery, bathed in fluorescent lights in the basement of the plant's 20,000-square-foot compressor building, which now gets all its heat from the wastewater contained in vast tanks outside.

Moses said it's well-known that sewage is warm.

"You can see the steam rising from it in the winter," he said. "I'm surprised nobody thought about this sooner."

(c)2012 The Philadelphia Inquirer
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