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Re-imagining fertilizer precursor synthesis to reduce its carbon footprint

The devil is in the details: Re-imagining fertilizer precursor synthesis
A heat map showing the variation in Faradaic efficiency with LiClO4 concentration and water concentration. Credit: ACS Energy Letters (2023). DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02792

The Haber–Bosch reaction helps feed the world by converting nitrogen into ammonia, a fertilizer precursor. However, its carbon footprint is huge: this one reaction is the source of nearly 2% of global carbon emissions. Now, in a study recently published in ACS Energy Letters, researchers from Osaka University have helped re-imagine this reaction to improve the sustainability of the chemical industry.

Replacing the Haber–Bosch reaction with a more sustainable alternative has been an active area of research for many years. These efforts have led to a globally well-established electrochemical reaction for ammonia synthesis. However, efforts at optimizing this reaction are hindered by an insufficient understanding of how it proceeds. A general consensus is the need to minimize the water concentration in the reaction as much as possible. Revisiting this consensus—with the goal of providing chemical reaction details that will be useful for optimizing ammonia production—is the problem that the researchers sought to address.

"There are various creative ways to improve the Faradaic efficiency by increasing the nitrogen partial pressure or solubility," explains Yu Katayama. "We have complemented these studies by showing that trace water can facilitate the reaction progress."

The researchers report a trace water concentration (ca. 36 millimolar) and a lithium perchlorate concentration (0.8 molar) that results in a Faradaic efficiency of ca. 28% at . This selectivity is the highest reported to date at ambient pressure, without using a gas diffusion electrode.

The devil is in the details: Re-imagining fertilizer precursor synthesis
A comparison of the maximum Faradaic efficiencies reported for different strategies at ambient pressure. Each of these systems uses THF as the solvent, and 1% v/v ethanol as a proton source, unless otherwise stated. Credit: ACS Energy Letters (2023). DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02792

"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments indicate that the selectivity is attributable in part to the trace water facilitating lithium oxide incorporation into the solid electrolyte interphase," says Katayama. "Higher water concentrations might facilitate hydrogen evolution, an undesired side reaction. This surprising result can only be found with help and discussion with researchers from ICL. I believe the outcome emphasizes the importance of research collaboration."

This work succeeded in improving the Faradaic efficiency of nitrogen reduction into ammonia at by straightforward means and uncovering the chemistry that leads to this result. Fine-tuning chemical process parameters dramatically improved the output of this reaction. Thus, there are many previously discounted electrochemical systems that might be worth revisiting for future research efforts that investigate their detailed mechanisms. Researchers are now closer to optimizing fertilizer precursor synthesis in industry and minimizing the of its production.

More information: Matthew Spry et al, Water Increases the Faradaic Selectivity of Li-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction, ACS Energy Letters (2023). DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02792

Journal information: ACS Energy Letters

Provided by Osaka University

Citation: Re-imagining fertilizer precursor synthesis to reduce its carbon footprint (2023, March 22) retrieved 18 March 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2023-03-re-imagining-fertilizer-precursor-synthesis-carbon.html
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