Fundamental question on how life started solved?
For carbon, the basis of life, to be able to form in the stars, a certain state of the carbon nucleus plays an essential role. In cooperation with US colleagues, physicists from the University of Bonn and Ruhr-Universitat Bochum have been able to calculate this legendary carbon nucleus, solving a problem that has kept science guessing for more than 50 years.
The researchers published their results in the coming issue of the scientific journal Physical Review Letters.
"Attempts to calculate the Hoyle state have been unsuccessful since 1954," said Professor Dr. Ulf-G. Meißner (Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik der Universität Bonn). "But now, we have done it!" The Hoyle state is an energy-rich form of the carbon nucleus. It is the mountain pass over which all roads from one valley to the next lead: From the three nuclei of helium gas to the much larger carbon nucleus. This fusion reaction takes place in the hot interior of heavy stars. If the Hoyle state did not exist, only very little carbon or other higher elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and iron could have formed. Without this type of carbon nucleus, life probably also would not have been possible.
The search for the "slave transmitter"
The Hoyle state had been verified by experiments as early as 1954, but calculating it always failed. For this form of carbon consists of only three, very loosely linked helium nuclei - more of a cloudy diffuse carbon nucleus. And it does not occur individually, only together with other forms of carbon. "This is as if you wanted to analyze a radio signal whose main transmitter and several slave transmitters are interfering with each other," explained Prof. Dr. Evgeny Epelbaum (Institute of Theoretical Physics II at Ruhr-Universität Bochum). The main transmitter is the stable carbon nucleus from which humans - among others - are made. "But we are interested in one of the unstable, energy-rich carbon nuclei; so we have to separate the weaker radio transmitter somehow from the dominant signal by means of a noise filter."
What made this possible was a new, improved calculating approach the researchers used that allowed calculating the forces between several nuclear particles more precisely than ever. And in JUGENE, the supercomputer at Forschungszentrum Jülich, a suitable tool was found. It took JUGENE almost a week of calculating. The results matched the experimental data so well that the researchers can be certain that they have indeed calculated the Hoyle state.
More about how the Universe came into existence
"Now we can analyze this exciting and essential form of the carbon nucleus in every detail," explained Prof. Meißner. "We will determine how big it is, and what its structure is. And it also means that we can now take a very close look at the entire chain of how elements are formed."
In future, this may even allow answering philosophical questions using science. For decades, the Hoyle state was a prime example for the theory that natural constants must have precisely their experimentally determined values, and not any different ones, since otherwise we would not be here to observe the Universe (the anthropic principle). "For the Hoyle state this means that it must have exactly the amount of energy it has, or else, we would not exist," said Prof. Meißner. "Now we can calculate whether - in a changed world with other parameters - the Hoyle state would indeed have a different energy when comparing the mass of three helium nuclei." If this is so, this would confirm the anthropic principle.
More information: E. Epelbaum, H. Krebs, D. Lee, Ulf-G. Meißner, Ab initio calculation of the Hoyle state, Physical Review Letters, 2011. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.192501
Abstract
The Hoyle state plays a crucial role in the helium burning of stars heavier than our Sun and in the production of carbon and other elements necessary for life. This excited state of the carbon-12 nucleus was postulated by Hoyle as a necessary ingredient for the fusion of three alpha particles to produce carbon at stellar temperatures. Although the Hoyle state was seen experimentally more than a half century ago nuclear theorists have not yet uncovered the nature of this state from first principles. In this Letter we report the first ab initio calculation of the low-lying states of carbon-12 using supercomputer lattice simulations and a theoretical framework known as effective field theory. In addition to the ground state and excited spin-2 state, we find a resonance at -85(3) MeV with all of the properties of the Hoyle state and in agreement with the experimentally observed energy.
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University of Bonn
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I see.
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Daleks
May 09, 2011
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Not arsenic-based, they found life that can substitute arsenic for the phosophorous molecule in parts of it's bio-chemistry.
May 09, 2011
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The meaning of life, the purpose of why we are here is.... to figure out the final digit that completes the number of Pi! Oh that and to party!
May 09, 2011
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May 09, 2011
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As to not-carbon based life, one needs only to understand just a little chemical physics to see that only Group 14 the Carbon Group has four valence electrons available to bond and that Carbon only forms arbitrarily long complexes, the others at best form lattice crystals simple compared to carbon ring chains and, at worst, are so late in stellar synthesis as to be rare.
Maybe there will be Silliputty based life but it will be complex enough only to entertain FrankSHerbert for a few minutes. And the rules of the Universe have not been observed as so variable.
Good people ought to be armed as they will, with wits and Guns and the Truth. Retire. Strike! If you moochers can't strike, ask yourselves why?
May 09, 2011
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May 10, 2011
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Not so. Elements up to iron release energy when they are formed from lighter elements. Elements heavier than iron consume energy to be created, and any reactions that form them VERY strongly favor iron as the end product...
It is only in the extremely neutron rich environment of a supernovae that nuclei can capture extra neutrons to form heavier elements.
May 10, 2011
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Arsenic is supposed to replace phosphorus, not carbon, which remins essential. Still, some phosphorus is probably essential.
May 10, 2011
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Graeme, I suspect that the -85MeV is the nuclear binding energy of ground state C12. That would mean that the net binding energy of this excited state would be 7.654-85 = -77.346meV, Yes?
May 10, 2011
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ShotmanMaslo, the above quote is why I don't think the article was tying to say anything about abiogenesis itself. Rather, they are trying to test the validity of Hoyle's claim that carbon was unlikely to have been made in stellar cores in the first place, a pre-condition for abiogenesis to occur later, on planets formed from the debris of stars in which the carbon was one of the "heavy" elements formed. ("Heavy" only in the sense of being more massive than H and He.)
May 10, 2011
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It just some annoying headline writer who either didn't read the article or didn't understand the article, or who simply didn't care and wanted a more 'sensational' headline.
May 10, 2011
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Peanut butter is carbon based ;)
May 10, 2011
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Gave me a chuckle...
May 10, 2011
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I don't quite follow your logic. How would extra-terrestrial life be argued that would give you the impression that anyone was arguing against carbon based life? While it may be possible for life to exist in some yet-unknown way, I still don't see how the logic arguments even compare? He gave no evidence or reason why it might exist, just that he knew. How is that in any way like arguing for the *probability* of life existing off Terra.
May 10, 2011
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I'm pretty sure people are making fun of him because he says he figured it out but is withholding that "gem" for later...
May 10, 2011
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May 10, 2011
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I hope this helps clarify the difference between someone who says "I know" "I have found out" "I have discovered" "I have witnessed" and the qualifiers listed above.
May 10, 2011
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I highly recommend you seek professional help. I'm not kidding at all here, they can help you if you let them.
May 10, 2011
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May 11, 2011
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No I'm one of those who sincerely cares about people, and when they exhibit clear signs of mental illness I encourage them to seek the help they need. I'm not trying to ridicule you or make fun of you, but honestly trying to help you.
May 11, 2011
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Believing is seeing. I love it when people say teleportation is fantasy. And also when people say UFOs do not exist. I have not seen a flying saucer, but I have seen several other things that are just as amazing, if not even more, especially one of them.
May 11, 2011
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May 12, 2011
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Are these the only 'strange' things that happen to you?
My brother claims almost identical experiences. He has paranoid schizophrenia. The difference is that he now knows it and can identify his delusions and hallucinations. Usually.
Twenty years you've been working on this? I genuinely feel sorry for you. Have you ever sought a professional opinion on your mental state? What could it hurt, besides the momentum you feel?
Or, are you just a con artist "magician" like google says?
May 12, 2011
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One group of people during the 1980s made a point of bankrupting me and another group did what they could to bankrupt me during the 1990s. Under those adverse conditions it would probably have take you twenty years as well. Most people would have given up after a few years considering the complexity of the ideas and desire to become immortal here on earth before dying, not afterwards!
P.S.: Yes, you too would be hungry for money and a little bitter.
May 12, 2011
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I don't believe or disbelieve you, however I don't understand what separates you from the 'rest of us'.
May 12, 2011
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May 13, 2011
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Ethelred
May 13, 2011
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May 14, 2011
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This is not meant as a personal attack. Your statements on this thread show such ample signs of serious mental problems that I will simply have to ignore you for the future as nothing you say can assumed to be from someone connected with reality. There will never be a book, there will never be evidence to support you and the only way you will reconnect with reality is to seek help.
Ethelred
May 14, 2011
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Your statements sound like a classic case of a smart person diconnected from reality.
John Nash of the Nash Equillibrium is a good example, reasonably well portrayed in "A Beautiful Mind".
May 15, 2011
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Normally, I'd vote a comment like this a 1, but it's so out there I had to give it a 5 for both entertainment value and balls for posting that publicly.
May 15, 2011
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http://www.ebible...s/may21/
I know- post your details here and I will help you disseminate them throughout the Internet. Perhaps we can get others to help. This way Jesus will know what a champ you are when he shows up next weekend.
No no wait, I'm only joking! You know me, always a kidder. Come on, what was the name you came up with? What is all over the world? I think you need a little preliminary feedback, test the waters you know. Physsorg is just the place to do this. Nobody ever visits this place, just nerds with no clue. They'll be happy to help.
Come on. Spill.
May 15, 2011
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I feel bad for making fun of you above. I didn't realize you were a paranoid schyzophrenic.
I realize you're not aware of it. Please ask someone you trust, then please seek professional help.
May 18, 2011
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