How environmental microbes boost fruit fly reproduction

For many of us, when we think of microbiomes, our first thoughts are probably about the beneficial microorganisms that live in our guts. But now, researchers from Japan and the US have discovered how the microbes living in fruit flies can enhance their reproduction.

In a recently published study in Communications Biology, the research group has revealed that microbes in the fruit fly microbiome are involved in controlling the germline stem cells that form eggs and subsequent egg maturation in female fruit flies.

The microbiome—the community of microorganisms that live together in and on a host—has a massive role in facilitating functions that are necessary for survival. This includes metabolic regulation, intake of nutrients, and reproduction, including improving fertility in conditions of inadequate nutrition.

However, the specific molecular mechanisms enabling microbes to control the maturation of the germline (the lineage of cells within an organism that gives rise to eggs and sperms) are still a mystery.

"We propose that microbes control various stages of oogenesis, which leads to the production of eggs in the ovary," says the lead author of the study, Ritsuko Suyama. "They may do this by modifying hormone levels and their successive pathways and can therefore promote host fertility in conditions of poor nutrition."

The researchers investigated the effects of microbes on oogenesis in fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster. Using genetic analysis, the team revealed that microbes boost oogenesis by accelerating the division of ovarian cells, suppressing programmed cell death, and increasing the production of germline stem cells (GSC) by enhancing cell division and eventually increasing the number of mature eggs in females.

"We discovered that the microbes' enhancement of reproductive function was controlled by the activation of the hormonal pathways for ecdysone and juvenile hormones in the germline stem cells—the cells that develop into eggs," explains Toshie Kai, senior author.

Ecdysone is a steroid hormone that regulates molting in insects. The researchers found that the ecdysone pathway may be an important mediator for a microbe-induced increase of GSCs and egg maturation. Meanwhile, the juvenile hormone pathway is involved only in GSC proliferation, which indicates that the hormonal pathways are activated during different stages of oogenesis.

"Our results show that environmental microbes can improve host reproduction by controlling hormone release and increasing oogenesis in their hosts," says Suyama.

These new discoveries about host-microbe interactions could present new avenues for improvements in reproductive health, for example, via new treatments involving probiotics. Specifically, the findings from this study will contribute to the understanding of how microbes boost their host's reproductive processes, which will open the door for new methods to improve fertility and infertility treatment.