First interactive enrichment system for giraffes prototyped in Scottish zoo

Academics and zookeepers in Scotland have teamed up to tackle a tall order: designing the world's first interactive enrichment system for giraffes.

Researchers from the University of Glasgow collaborated with animal keepers at Blair Drummond Safari & Adventure Park to develop prototype devices which would allow the park's five giraffes to trigger sounds on demand. The team's paper, titled "Hum-ble Beginnings: Exploring Input Modality of Touch and Space for Audio," is presented at the ACM Interactive Surfaces and Spaces conference on November 8th.

Providing zoo animals with sufficiently engaging and entertaining activities is important to maintain their mental and physical health.

Meeting the needs of giraffes is a longstanding challenge for zookeepers, however, not least because giraffes sleep differently from many other mammals. Instead of resting for hours overnight, they take frequent brief naps whenever they choose to, sleeping for less than 30 minutes at a time.

While they're awake during the night, giraffes in captivity sometimes hum to themselves—a sustained low-frequency rumble. Animal keepers and wildlife researchers are not yet sure why giraffes make these noises.

The team set out to investigate whether the giraffes would choose to hear the humming for themselves if they could trigger recordings of the sounds on demand. They also wanted to examine whether the sound could stimulate the giraffes' natural behaviors, which might suggest their experience was enriching.

The team built two prototype systems which aimed to engage with the animals in ways that they naturally interact with the world. One system would play sounds when the giraffes headbutted or nudged a toy hung in their enclosure, while the other would trigger audio when the animals stood next to a sensor.

After an initial period where the animals simply got used to having the devices in their enclosure, the researchers enabled the devices to play sounds whenever the giraffes interacted with the devices. They heard either a sample of white noise or recordings of other giraffes humming.

Over two months, the researchers observed that the giraffes triggered the proximity system more frequently, but that they interacted longer with the touch-based device per use. The finding could suggest that proximity is optimum for initial attention grabbing in giraffes, while touch sustains engagement better.

Surprisingly, the animals showed no preference for either sound type, with their interactions declining once audio was introduced after an initial period where they became familiar with having the devices in their enclosure.

The research is the latest outcome from animal-computer interaction research led by Dr. Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas of the University of Glasgow's School of Computing Science.

Dr. Hirskyj-Douglas has previously developed interfaces to empower dogs and parrots to use video-calling technology. She has also explored the enrichment potential of helping zoo animals including saki monkeys to choose to play audio and visual content on demand.

Dr. Hirskyj-Douglas said, "Giraffes are increasingly endangered in the wild, so for wildlife preservation purposes it's important that we try to make their lives in captivity as rewarding as possible. Previous studies, including my own, have shown that computer systems have real potential to deliver enriching experiences for zoo animals.

"What we set out to do in this first study on interactive systems for giraffes is to try to start to map out how devices might work for them. How could we adapt systems to their preferences, and what might they like to hear when they used the prototypes to trigger sounds?

"As it turned out, it seems the sound of other giraffes humming isn't as appealing as we might have expected, which gives us an important data point to move forward with. It could also help unravel the mystery of why giraffes in captivity make this humming sound, which is similar to the vocalizations they make to each other but could have another purpose which they don't necessarily enjoy hearing played back to them."

Blair Drummond Safari Park's research coordinator Alasdair Gillies said, "Using interactive systems as a form of enrichment represents an innovative and exciting approach to empowering animals, granting them control and choice over their environment and how they spend their time.

"Conventional enrichment methods often rely on food as the primary motivator, which can be restrictive. We take pride in contributing to the ongoing effort to expand the type of experiences we can offer our animals."

Blair Drummond Safari Park's communications manager Jamie-Leigh Green said, "We are delighted to continue our partnership with Dr. Hirskyj-Douglas and the University of Glasgow. Research plays a vital role in any reputable zoo, giving scientists the chance to make a meaningful impact on both wild animals and those living within zoological institutions. We are committed to providing the best possible care for our animals and studies like this help us to do just that."

Alana Grant, a student at the University of Glasgow's School of Computing Science, is the first author on the paper the team have written about their research.

She said, "Designing enrichment systems for animals requires us to think carefully about their needs and preferences, which can be very different from those of humans. Working with colleagues at Blair Drummond offered invaluable insights into how giraffes interact with their surroundings, interact with each other, and experience life in their enclosure.

"This initial study, which is limited by the size of the single-sex group we were working with, still provides valuable data for future systems for giraffe enrichment. It also contributes to the wider field of interactive systems for animals, which is still small but is advancing rapidly."

The paper is also published as part of the Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction.