Determining when a material becomes 'glassy'

Is it in a liquid phase or a 'glassy' phase? This question has been the subject of intense debate as physicists try to understand the behavior of so-called 'active matter'—a relatively new type of matter where particles use 'a little internal engine' to move. With a new observation—published in the journal Physics Review Letters—TU/e researchers now resolve all contradictory results at the same time, thereby paving the way towards a better understanding of cell behavior in diseases like asthma and cancer.

For many, the phrase 'phases of matter' immediately evokes thoughts of gasses, liquids, and solids—the best-known phases of matter. Between the liquid and solid phase though, you'll find the glass phase, a phase that behaves like a solid, but on the inside looks like a liquid.

This typical picture of the phases of matter (gas, liquid, solid, or glass) considers the particles as passive, meaning that they only move due to thermal energy and the forces they experience through interactions with neighboring particles.

In recent years though, active matter, which consists of particles that convert energy using 'a little engine' into directed motion and means they are continuously out-of-equilibrium, have garnered noteworthy attention. And active matter has a glassy phase too.

Glassy insight

"It's been known for years that active matter exhibits glassy behaviors that might be relevant for helping with our understanding of cell behavior in asthma, wound healing, and cancer metastasis," says Liesbeth Janssen from the department of Applied Physics and study lead.

First author and Ph.D. researcher Vincent Debets also highlights this application: "One of the most interesting applications of this work will be for human cells that behave like a glass such as the cells in asthma and cancer."

However, in recent years, there has been lots of debate about the glassy behavior of active matter, and it's led to some disagreements. "Some say these active systems are more liquid than a passive glass, others contend that the system is glassier, while others say the system becomes more liquid-like before finally becoming glassier," says Janssen.

"With this study, we provide an unambiguous and simple explanation to clarify the position with regards to all of these contradictory results," adds Janssen.

Importance of cage length

It all comes down to the relationship between the so-called cage length, which is the typical size of a cage for a specific particle formed by the neighboring particles surrounding the particle (see image), and the persistence length, the average distance traveled by a particle before it changes direction.

"The glassy phase can be thought of as a large collection of such cages, in which each particle can only jostle around in its own cage but can never escape from it," notes Debets.

"When the persistence length is smaller than the cage length, the active particles can explore their cage for an opening. If they can escape, they are acting like

passive particles in a liquid. But when the persistence length is above the cage length, particles can no longer efficiently scan their cage and become stuck in the cage. As a result, the system shows more glassy-like behavior where the system has properties like a solid."

Breakthrough

And it's this observation which is the major breakthrough. "This explains all the previous, seemingly confusing results in the literature. Those studies were all carried out at different values of the persistence length, and as such carried out at different distances with respect to the cage length," explains Janssen.

The cage length is a very important physical concept, which has already helped to better understand why a passive material becomes more solid-like when it changes from a liquid to a glass.

By condensing all of the system dynamics down to the simple principle of how the persistence length compares to the cage length, the researchers have reconciled the various proposals from the literature.

Healthcare applications

For the follow-up study, the researchers plan to study the effect of cage length on living active glasses in actual biological cell layers.

"In future work, we'll study how physics dictates cellular behavior. Perhaps we can modify the cage length, and thus the glassy behavior of the cells by changing their shapes. This could then, for instance, make it more difficult for tumor cells to detach from the primary tumor and metastasize. Alternatively, by identifying the cage length directly from the snapshots of a cell layer, we might predict whether it is in a liquid or glassy phase, thereby leading to new medical diagnostic approaches," says Debets.

This new research has shone a new light on the behavior of active glassy matter.