Characterising cold fusion in 2-D models

Progress towards 'cold fusion,' where nuclear fusion can occur at close to room temperatures, has now been at a standstill for decades. However, an increasing number of studies are now proposing that the reaction could be triggered more easily through a mechanism involving muons—elementary particles with the same charge as electrons, but with around 200 times their mass. Through a study published in EPJ D, researchers led by Francisco Caruso at the Brazilian Centre for Physical Research have shown theoretically how this process would unfold within 2-D systems, without any need for approximations.

The team's results could lead to long-awaited advances in the field of cold fusion—which has been proposed as an efficient, sustainable way to harvest vast amounts of energy. Since muons are so much heavier than electrons, they will orbit far closer to atomic nuclei when captured by hydrogen atoms. This enables the nuclei to fuse into helium far more readily—after which the muon is released from the system. However, since the amount of energy released is relatively small, it has remained challenging for theoretical physicists to propose a reliable basis for the technique, limiting its progress so far.

Caruso's team took a different approach in their study: this time, focusing on calculating the elementary processes involved in muon-catalyzed fusion in 2-D. The researchers then compared the behavior of their model with 3-D measurements, which revealed that the 2-D process is influenced by significantly different parameters. Most strikingly, they showed that fusion is 1 billion times more likely to occur between a muonic pair of tritium atoms—a form of hydrogen containing two extra neutrons in its nucleus—than is the case for 3-D. By directly calculating these probabilities, instead of estimating them, the team's findings could provide valuable insights for future studies of cold fusion.