135-million-year-old marine crocodile sheds light on Cretaceous life

An international team of scientists, including researchers from Germany and the UK, have described a new species of ancient marine crocodile, Enalioetes schroederi. Enalioetes lived in the shallow seas that covered much of Germany during the Cretaceous Period, approximately 135 million years ago.

This ancient crocodile was a member of the family Metriorhynchidae, a remarkable group that evolved a dolphin-like body-plan. Metriorhynchids had smooth scaleless skin, flippers, and a tailfin. They fed on a variety of prey, including fast-moving animals like squids and fish, but some metriorhynchid species had large, serrated teeth suggesting they fed on other marine reptiles. Metriorhynchids are best known from the Jurassic Period, with their fossils becoming rarer in the Cretaceous. Enalioetes schroederi is known from a three-dimensional skull, making it the best-preserved metriorhynchid known from the Cretaceous.

Sven Sachs, from the Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld and project leader, said, "The specimen is remarkable as it is one very few metriorhynchids that is known by a three-dimensionally preserved skull. This allowed us to CT scan the specimen and so we were able to learn a lot about the internal anatomy of these marine crocodiles. The remarkable preservation allowed us to reconstruct the internal cavities and even the inner ears of the animal."

Dr. Mark Young, of the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences, explains, "Enalioetes gives us fresh insight into how metriorhynchids were evolving during the Cretaceous Period. During the Jurassic metriorhynchids evolved a body-plan radically different from other crocodiles—flippers, tailfin, loss of bony armor and smooth scaleless skin. These changes were adaptations to an increasingly marine lifestyle. Enalioetes shows us that this trend continued into the Cretaceous, as Enalioetes even larger eyes than other metriorhynchids (which were already big by crocodylian standards) and the bony inner ears were even more compact than other metriorhynchids, a sign that Enalioetes was probably a faster swimmer."

The perfectly preserved skull along with the first neck vertebrae were discovered more than a hundred years ago by the German government architect D. Hapke in a quarry in Sachsenhagen near Hannover. The specimen has an interesting history. It was given for preparation and study to Henry Schroeder of the Prussian Geological Survey in Berlin where it was thought to have been incorporated in the collection. This led to the assumption the specimen went lost during WWII. Later the specimen was rediscovered in the Minden Museum in Western Germany. It turned out that the specimen had been returned to the finder whose family brought it to Minden where they found a new home after WW2, taking the specimen with them. The crocodile is since one of the valuable specimens in the Minden collection.

Henry Schroeder of the Berlin Geological survey provided the initial description, and after him the species is named.

By comparing the fossil with those from other museum collections, Sachs and his team determined it was a species new to science.