Sand fleas have ability to change color in order to match dramatically different backgrounds

Sand fleas have a remarkable ability to change color in order to match dramatically different backgrounds, according to a new study from the University of Exeter and the Ascension Island Government Conservation Department.

The research found that sand fleas from the remote British Overseas Territory of Ascension Island change their color to match the beaches they wash up on, which vary widely in colour and brightness from black to light yellow.

Sand fleas occupy the swash zone of sandy beaches where they are exposed to a range of visually-guided predators, including shorebirds and crabs. To simulate this situation the study, published in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters, used cutting edge camera technology to view the camouflaged sand fleas through the eyes of predatory birds.

Dr Martin Stevens from the Centre for Ecology and Conservation at the University of Exeter's Penryn Campus said: "As far as we know, this is the first time that research has demonstrated through the eyes of a predator how individual animals from the same population can tune their camouflage to match different backgrounds. Most previous studies have relied on human assessments of appearance, but predators often see the world very differently to humans. Our work shows how animals living in a small geographic area can modify their appearance over time to match their respective environment."

Dr Sam Weber from Ascension Island Government said: "We first noticed the close color matching of sand fleas to their environment during research into the turtles that nest on Ascension's shores. However, it was only after teaming up with colleagues at the University of Exeter that the full extent and sophistication of the camouflage became apparent."

Unlike many populations of animals that undergo genetic changes over numerous generations and improve their camouflage against the environment, sand fleas from the different beaches begin life as a planktonic larval stage and so are likely to come from the same gene pool. They then wash up on any beach, and so genetic adaptation to any specific beach color is very unlikely. Instead they must change color to match their own beach and they apparently do this as they moult, growing closer to the beach color as they develop into adults.

The sand fleas, also known as mole crabs, were photographed in the lab along with sand from their respective beaches. The images were transformed to correspond to an avian visual system using software specially designed by the team to determine how camouflaged the fleas would appear to a predatory bird. The results showed that the sand fleas matched the color and brightness of the beaches they lived on, affording them camouflage against predators.

Future work will focus on the underlying mechanisms involved in developmental changes in coloration, including the role of visual feedback and cellular processes.