Small electric voltage alters conductivity in key materials

Modern research has found no simple, inexpensive way to alter a material's thermal conductivity at room temperature.

That lack of control has made it hard to create new classes of devices that use phonons—the agents of thermal conductivity—rather than electrons or photons to harvest energy or transmit information. Phonons—atomic vibrations that transport heat energy in solids at speeds up to the speed of sound—have proved hard to harness.

Now, using only a 9-volt battery at room temperature, a team led by Sandia National Laboratories researcher Jon Ihlefeld has altered the thermal conductivity of the widely used material PZT (lead zirconate titanate) by as much as 11 percent at subsecond time scales. They did it without resorting to expensive surgeries like changing the material's composition or forcing phase transitions to other states of matter.

PZT, either as a ceramic or a thin film, is used in a wide range of devices ranging from computer hard drives, push-button sparkers for barbecue grills, speed-pass transponders at highway toll booths and many microelectromechanical designs.

"We can alter PZT's thermal conductivity over a broad temperature range, rather than only at the cryogenic temperatures achieved by other research groups," said Ihlefeld. "And we can do it reversibly: When we release our voltage, the thermal conductivity returns to its original value."

The work was performed on materials with closely spaced internal interfaces—so-called domain walls—unavailable in earlier decades. The close spacing allows better control of phonon passage.

"We showed that we can prepare crystalline materials with interfaces that can be altered with an electric field. Because these interfaces scatter phonons," said Ihlefeld, "we can actively change a material's thermal conductivity by simply changing their concentration. We feel this groundbreaking work will advance the field of phononics."

The researchers, supported by Sandia's Laboratory Directed Research and Development office, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the National Science Foundation, used a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope to observe how the domain walls of subsections of the material changed in length and shape under the influence of an electrical voltage. It is this change that controllably altered the transport of phonons within the material.

"The real achievement in our work," said Ihlefeld, "is that we've demonstrated a means to control the amount of heat passing through a material at room temperature by simply applying a voltage across it. We've shown that we can actively regulate how well heat—phonons—conducts through the material."

Ihlefeld points out that active control of electron and photon transport has led to technologies that are taken for granted today in computing, global communications and other fields.

"Before the ability to control these particles and waves existed, it was probably difficult even to dream of technologies involving electronic computers and lasers. And prior to our demonstration of a solid-state, fast, room-temperature means to alter thermal conductivity, analogous means to control the transport of phonons have not existed. We believe that our result will enable new technologies where controlling phonons is necessary," he said.